CNTService v1.06

Welcome to CNTService, a collection of freeware MFC classes which provide a class framework for developing NT services in MFC.

For detailed information about NT services, how to develop them and their relationship to other NT subsystems, I would suggest you thoroughly read the relevant documentation which comes with the Platform SDK.

 

Features
Usage
History
Class Framework Reference
Planned Enhancements
References
Contacting the Author

 

Features

 

 

 

Usage

 

 

 

History

V1.0 (17 July 1998)

24 August 1998

V1.01 (17 May 1999)

V1.02 (5 September 1999)

V1.03 (3 October 1999)

V1.04 (5 October 1999)

V1.05 (10 October 1999)

V1.06 (24 January 2000)

 

 

 

Class Framework Reference

The framework consists of the following classes:

 

CNTServiceCommandLineInfo
CNTEventLogSource
CNTService
CNTScmService
CNTServiceControlManager
CEventLogRecord
CNTEventLog

 

 

CNTServiceCommandLineInfo

The CNTServiceCommandLineInfo class aids in parsing the command line at application startup. It is based almost exactly upon the way that the  CCommandLineInfo class in MFC works.

A service application will typically create a local instance of this class in your main/wmain or InitInstance function. This object is then passed to CNTService::ParseCommandLine, which fills the CNTServiceCommandLineInfo object. The CNTServiceCommandLineInfo object is then passed to CNTService::ProcessShellCommand to handle the command-line arguments and flags.

You can use this object to encapsulate the following command-line options and parameters:

Command-line argument

Command executed

app /install

Installs the service.

app /remove | /uninstall

Uninstalls the service.

app /help

Calls the virtual CNTService::OnHelp function.

 

Derive a new class from CCommandLineInfo to handle other flags and parameter values.

 

 

 

CNTEventLogSource

CNTEventLogSource provides a wrapper class for writing events to the NT event log. You could consider this as the server side to the Event log APIs.

 

Functions this class provides include:

CNTEventLogSource
~CNTEventLogSource
operator HANDLE
Attach
Detach
Register
Report
Deregister
Install
Uninstall

 

 

CNTEventLogSource::CNTEventLogSource

CNTEventLogSource();

Remarks

This is the default constructor which just initialises all internal variables to a safe state.

See Also ~CNTEventLogSource

 

CNTEventLogSource::~CNTEventLogSource

~CNTEventLogSource();

Remarks

This is the standard destructor for the class. Internally it will call Deregister to ensure that any handle that is opened by this instance is closed

See Also CNTEventLogSource Deregister

 

CNTEventLogSource::operator HANDLE

operator HANDLE() const;

Return Value:

The underlying SDK handle representing this event log source.

Remarks

This function exposes the underlying handle which the CNTEventLogSource class wraps. This function is provided for integration with legacy code which uses the handle directly

 

CNTEventLogSource::Attach

BOOL Attach(HANDLE hEventSource);

Return Value

TRUE if the function was successful, otherwise FALSE. To get extended error information, call GetLastError

Parameters

hEventSource An SDK event log source handle returned from ::RegisterEventSource

Remarks

Use this member function to attach an existing SDK handle to a CNTEventLogSource.

See Also Detach

 

CNTEvenLogSource::Detach

HANDLE Detach();

Return Value

The SDK event log source handle

Remarks

Call this function to detach m_hEventLogSource from the CNTEventLogSource object and  set m_hEventLogSource to NULL.

See Also Attach

 

CNTEventLogSource::Register

BOOL Register(LPCTSTR lpUNCServerName, LPCTSTR lpSourceName);

Return Value

TRUE if the function was successful, otherwise FALSE. To get extended error information, call GetLastError

Parameters

lpUNCServerName Pointer to a null-terminated string that specifies the Universal Naming Convention (UNC) name of the server on which this operation is to be performed. If this parameter is NULL, the operation is performed on the local computer.

lpSourceName Pointer to a null-terminated string that specifies the name of the source referenced by the returned handle. The source name must be a subkey of a logfile entry under the EventLog key in the registry. For example, WinApp is a valid source name if the registry has the following key:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE
  System
    CurrentControlSet
      Services
        EventLog
          Application
            WinApp
          Security
          System
Remarks

Use this function to register a source of logging into the event log. Internally the CNTService class contains a member variable (m_EventLogSource) of type CNTEventLogSource which calls this function in its construction.

See Also Deregister

 

CNTEventLogSource::Report

BOOL Report(WORD wType, WORD wCategory, DWORD dwEventID, PSID lpUserSid, WORD wNumStrings, DWORD dwDataSize, LPCTSTR* lpStrings, LPVOID lpRawData) const;

BOOL Report(WORD wType, DWORD dwEventID, LPCTSTR lpszString) const;

BOOL Report(WORD wType, DWORD dwEventID, LPCTSTR lpszString1, LPCTSTR lpszString2) const;

BOOL Report(WORD wType, DWORD dwEventID, DWORD dwCode) const;

Return Value

TRUE if the function was successful, otherwise FALSE. To get extended error information, call GetLastError

Parameters

wType Specifies the type of event being logged. This parameter can be one of the following values:

Value Meaning
EVENTLOG_ERROR_TYPE Error event
EVENTLOG_WARNING_TYPE Warning event
EVENTLOG_INFORMATION_TYPE Information event
EVENTLOG_AUDIT_SUCCESS Success Audit event
EVENTLOG_AUDIT_FAILURE Failure Audit event

wCategory Specifies the event category. This is source-specific information; the category can have any value.

dwEventID Specifies the event. The event identifier specifies the message that goes with this event as an entry in the message file associated with the event source.

lpUserSid Pointer to the current user's security identifier. This parameter can be NULL if the security identifier is not required.

wNumStrings Specifies the number of strings in the array pointed to by the lpStrings parameter. A value of zero indicates that no strings are present.

dwDataSize Specifies the number of bytes of event-specific raw (binary) data to write to the log. If this parameter is zero, no event-specific data is present.

lpStrings Pointer to a buffer containing an array of null-terminated strings that are merged into the message from the message file before Event Viewer displays the string to the user. This parameter must be a valid pointer (or NULL), even if wNumStrings is zero.

lpRawData Pointer to the buffer containing the binary data. This parameter must be a valid pointer (or NULL), even if the dwDataSize parameter is zero.

lpszString, lpszString1, lpszString2 Specifies a single string which will be merged into the message from the message file before Event Viewer displays the string to the user.

Remarks

These 4 versions of Report report a message to the event log. The 4 versions are provided to allow the programmer to use the one most suitable for the particular situation at hand.

 

CNTEventLogSource::Deregister

BOOL Deregister();

Return Value

TRUE if the function was successful, otherwise FALSE. To get extended error information, call GetLastError

Remarks

Call this function to close the handle to the event log. This function will be called in the destructor in case you forget to close the handle yourself.

See Also Register

 

CNTEventLogSource::Install

static BOOL Install(LPCTSTR lpSourceName, LPCTSTR lpEventMessageFile, DWORD dwTypesSupported);

Return Value

TRUE if the function was successful, otherwise FALSE. To get extended error information, call GetLastError

Parameters

lpSourceName The name of the service which you want to install an event log source as.

lpEventMessageFile The location of the binary where the Message table resource can be located. This can be a standard exe or dll.

dwTypesSupported Specifies a bitmask of supported types. It can be one or more of the following values:

EVENTLOG_ERROR_TYPE
EVENTLOG_WARNING_TYPE
EVENTLOG_INFORMATION_TYPE
EVENTLOG_AUDIT_SUCCESS
EVENTLOG_AUDIT_FAILURE

Remarks

Call this function to setup the necessary entries in the registry so that the Event Viewer can correctly locate the message file for messages displayed in the event log. This function is called as part of CNTService::Install using appropriate values.

See Also Uninstall

 

CNTEventLogSource::Uninstall

static BOOL Uninstall(LPCTSTR lpSourceName);

Return Value

TRUE if the function was successful, otherwise FALSE. To get extended error information, call GetLastError

Remarks

Call this function to remove the entries from the registry which were setup by the method Install.

See Also Install

 

 

 

CNTService

CNTService is the class which provides a C++ framework upon which you can develop your own MFC C++ based services. The class makes heavy use of virtual functions which your service class should override.

 

Functions this class provides include:

CNTService
~CNTService
WriteProfileString
WriteProfileInt
WriteProfileBinary
WriteProfileStringArray
GetProfileString
GetProfileInt
GetProfileBinary
GetProfileStringArray
ParseCommandLine
ProcessShellCommand
ReportStatustoSCM
RegisterCtrlHandler
ServiceCtrlHandler
ServiceMain
OnStop
OnPause
OnContinue
OnInterrogate
OnShutdown
OnUserDefinedRequest
Run
Install
Uninstall
Debug
ShowHelp

 

 

CNTService::CNTService

CNTService(LPCTSTR lpszServiceName, LPCTSTR lpszDisplayName, DWORD dwControlsAccepted, LPCTSTR lpszDescription = NULL);

Parameters

lpszServiceName Pointer to a null-terminated string that is the internal name of the service.

lpszDisplayName Pointer to a null-terminated string that is to be used by user interface programs to identify this service.

dwControlsAccepted Specifies the control codes that the service will accept and process. Any or all of the following flags can be specified to enable the other control codes.

lpszDescription The textual description of the service. This appears in the new service's MMC snapin in Windows 2000 as the "Description" column. Using this value just means that administrators will see a comment associated with your service. The default value is NULL which will not insert a description into the registry.

Value Meaning
SERVICE_ACCEPT_STOP
The service can be stopped. This enables the SERVICE_CONTROL_STOP value.
SERVICE_ACCEPT_PAUSE_CONTINUE
The service can be paused and continued. This enables the SERVICE_CONTROL_PAUSE and SERVICE_CONTROL_CONTINUE values.
SERVICE_ACCEPT_SHUTDOWN
The service is notified when system shutdown occurs. This enables the system to send a SERVICE_CONTROL_SHUTDOWN value to the service. The ControlService function cannot send this control code.

Remarks

This is the standard constructor which initializes a number of internal variables based on the parameters sent in.

See Also ~CNTService

 

CNTService::~CNTService

~CNTService();

Remarks

Standard destructor for the class

See Also CNTService

 

CNTService::WriteProfileString

BOOL WriteProfileString(LPCTSTR lpszSection, LPCTSTR lpszEntry, LPCTSTR lpszValue);

Return Value

TRUE if successful; otherwise FALSE.

Parameters

lpszSection Points to a null-terminated string that specifies the section containing the entry. If the section does not exist, it is created. The name of the section is case independent; the string may be any combination of uppercase and lowercase letters.

lpszEntry Points to a null-terminated string that contains the entry into which the value is to be written. If the entry does not exist in the specified section, it is created.

lpszValue Points to the string to be written. If this parameter is NULL, the entry specified by the lpszEntry parameter is deleted.

Remarks

Call this member function to write the specified string into the registry where Services are meant to store their configuration setting i.e. HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\ServiceName\Parameters.

 

CNTService::WriteProfileInt

BOOL WriteProfileInt(LPCTSTR lpszSection, LPCTSTR lpszEntry, int nValue);

Return Value

TRUE if successful; otherwise FALSE.

Parameters

lpszSection Points to a null-terminated string that specifies the section containing the entry. If the section does not exist, it is created. The name of the section is case independent; the string may be any combination of uppercase and lowercase letters.

lpszEntry Points to a null-terminated string that contains the entry into which the value is to be written. If the entry does not exist in the specified section, it is created.

nValue Contains the value to be written.

Remarks

Call this member function to write the specified value into the registry where Services are meant to store their configuration setting i.e. HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\ServiceName\Parameters.

 

CNTService::WriteProfileBinary

BOOL WriteProfileBinary(LPCTSTR lpszSection, LPCTSTR lpszEntry, LPBYTE pData, UINT nBytes);

Return Value

TRUE if successful; otherwise FALSE.

Parameters

lpszSection Points to a null-terminated string that specifies the section containing the entry. If the section does not exist, it is created. The name of the section is case independent; the string may be any combination of uppercase and lowercase letters.

lpszEntry Points to a null-terminated string that contains the entry into which the value is to be written. If the entry does not exist in the specified section, it is created.

pData Points to the binary data to be written.

nBytes The size of "pData" in bytes.

Remarks

Call this member function to write the specified binary data into the registry where Services are meant to store their configuration setting i.e. HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\ServiceName\Parameters.

 

CNTService::WriteProfileStringArray

BOOL WriteProfileStringArray(LPCTSTR lpszSection, LPCTSTR lpszEntry, const CStringArray& array);

Return Value

TRUE if successful; otherwise FALSE.

Parameters

lpszSection Points to a null-terminated string that specifies the section containing the entry. If the section does not exist, it is created. The name of the section is case independent; the string may be any combination of uppercase and lowercase letters.

lpszEntry Points to a null-terminated string that contains the entry into which the value is to be written. If the entry does not exist in the specified section, it is created.

array The CStringArray to be written.

Remarks

Call this member function to write the specified string array into the registry where Services are meant to store their configuration setting i.e. HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\ServiceName\Parameters. The value will be stored as a MULTI_SZ string in the registry.

 

CNTService::GetProfileString

CString GetProfileString(LPCTSTR lpszSection, LPCTSTR lpszEntry, LPCTSTR lpszDefault = NULL);

Return Value

The return value is the string from the registry or lpszDefault if the string cannot be found. The maximum string length supported by the framework is _MAX_PATH. If lpszDefault is NULL, the return value is an empty string.

Parameters

lpszSection Points to a null-terminated string that specifies the section containing the entry.

lpszEntry Points to a null-terminated string that contains the entry whose string is to be retrieved. This value must not be NULL.

lpszDefault Points to the default string value for the given entry if the entry cannot be found in the registry.

Remarks

Call this member function to retrieve the string associated with an entry within the specified section in the registry.

 

CNTService::GetProfileInt

UINT GetProfileInt(LPCTSTR lpszSection, LPCTSTR lpszEntry, int nDefault);

Return Value

The integer value of the string that follows the specified entry if the function is successful. The return value is the value of the nDefault parameter if the function does not find the entry. The return value is 0 if the value that corresponds to the specified entry is not an integer.

Parameters

lpszSection Points to a null-terminated string that specifies the section containing the entry.

lpszEntry Points to a null-terminated string that contains the entry whose value is to be retrieved.

nDefault Specifies the default value to return if the framework cannot find the entry. This value can be an unsigned value in the range 0 through 65,535 or a signed value in the range –32,768 through 32,767.

Remarks

Call this member function to retrieve the value of an integer from an entry within a specified section in the registry.

This member function is not case sensitive, so the strings in the lpszSection and lpszEntry parameters may differ in case.

 

CNTService::GetProfileBinary

BOOL GetProfileBinary(LPCTSTR lpszSection, LPCTSTR lpszEntry, LPBYTE* ppData, UINT* pBytes);

Return Value

TRUE if successful; otherwise FALSE.

Parameters

lpszSection Points to a null-terminated string that specifies the section containing the entry.

lpszEntry Points to a null-terminated string that contains the entry whose binary data is to be retrieved. This value must not be NULL.

ppData Upon successful return, this pointer will contain the binary data read from the registry.

nBytes Upon successful return, this pointer will contain the size of the binary data read from the registry.

Remarks

Call this member function to set a binary value associated with an entry within the specified section in the registry. Internally the data is stored in the registry as a REG_BINARY value. Note that the caller of the function is responsible for freeing the memory associated with the data in "ppData". This can be achieved using: "delete [] *ppData".

 

CNTService::GetProfileStringArray

BOOL GetProfileStringArray(LPCTSTR lpszSection, LPCTSTR lpszEntry, CStringArray& array);

Return Value

TRUE if successful; otherwise FALSE.

Parameters

lpszSection Points to a null-terminated string that specifies the section containing the entry.

lpszEntry Points to a null-terminated string that contains the entry whose string array is to be retrieved. This value must not be NULL.

array Upon successful return this will contain the CStringArray.

Remarks

Call this member function to retrieve a string array associated with an entry within the specified section in the registry. The value is stored as a MULTI_SZ string in the registry.

 

CNTService::ParseCommandLine

void ParseCommandLine(CNTServiceCommandLineInfo& rCmdInfo);

Parameters

rCmdInfo A reference to a CNTServiceCommandLineInfo object.

Remarks

Call this member function to parse the command line and send the parameters, one at a time, to CNTServiceCommandLineInfo::ParseParam.

 

CNTService::ProcessShellCommand

BOOL ProcessShellCommand(CNTServiceCommandLineInfo& rCmdInfo);

Return Value

TRUE if the shell command is processed successfully otherwise FALSE.

Parameters

rCmdInfo A reference to a CNTServiceCommandLineInfo object.

Remarks

This member function is called by your InitInstance, main or wmain to accept the parameters passed from the CNTServiceCommandLineInfo object identified by rCmdInfo, and perform the indicated action.

The data members of the CNTServiceCommandLineInfo object, identified by CNTServiceCommandLineInfo::m_nShellCommand, are of the following enumerated type, which is defined within the CNTServiceCommandLineInfo class.

enum{
   RunAsService,
   InstallService, 
   UninstallService,
   DebugService, 
   ShowServiceHelp, 
};

 

CNTService::ReportStatustoSCM

BOOL ReportStatusToSCM();

BOOL ReportStatusToSCM(DWORD dwCurrentState, DWORD dwWin32ExitCode, DWORD dwServiceSpecificExitCode, DWORD dwCheckPoint, DWORD dwWaitHint);

Return Value

TRUE if the SCM was notified successfully of this services state otherwise FALSE. To get extended error information, call GetLastError

Parameters

dwCurrentState Indicates the current state of the service. One of the following values is specified:

Value Meaning
SERVICE_STOPPED The service is not running.
SERVICE_START_PENDING The service is starting.
SERVICE_STOP_PENDING The service is stopping.
SERVICE_RUNNING The service is running.
SERVICE_CONTINUE_PENDING The service continue is pending.
SERVICE_PAUSE_PENDING The service pause is pending.
SERVICE_PAUSED The service is paused.

dwWin32ExitCode Specifies an Win32 error code that the service uses to report an error that occurs when it is starting or stopping. To return an error code specific to the service, the service must set this value to ERROR_SERVICE_SPECIFIC_ERROR to indicate that the dwServiceSpecificExitCode member contains the error code. The service should set this value to NO_ERROR when it is running and on normal termination.

dwServiceSpecificExitCode Specifies a service specific error code that the service returns when an error occurs while the service is starting or stopping. This value is ignored unless the dwWin32ExitCode member is set to ERROR_SERVICE_SPECIFIC_ERROR.

dwCheckPoint Specifies a value that the service increments periodically to report its progress during a lengthy start, stop, pause, or continue operation. For example, the service should increment this value as it completes each step of its initialisation when it is starting up. The user interface program that invoked the operation on the service uses this value to track the progress of the service during a lengthy operation. This value is not valid and should be zero when the service does not have a start, stop, pause, or continue operation pending.

dwWaitHint Specifies an estimate of the amount of time, in milliseconds, that the service expects a pending start, stop, pause, or continue operation to take before the service makes its next call to the SetServiceStatus function with either an incremented dwCheckPoint value or a change in dwCurrentState. If the amount of time specified by dwWaitHint passes, and dwCheckPoint has not been incremented, or dwCurrentState has not changed, the service control manager or service control program can assume that an error has occurred.

Remarks

These two functions report the current state of the service back to the service control manager. The first versions uses the parameters specified and as well as updated the services own internal state will report it to the SCM. The second version uses the existing state of the service when reporting to the SCM.

 

CNTService::RegisterCtrlHandler

BOOL RegisterCtrlHandler();

Return Value

TRUE if the Control handler for this service was successfully registered otherwise FALSE. To get extended error information, call GetLastErrorr

Remarks

You would call this at the beginning of your derived classes ServiceMain to report to the SCM which function to callback on when making requests to the service. Internally when a request is made it will be routed to the appropriate virtual function.

See Also ServiceCtrlHandler

 

CNTService::ServiceCtrlHandler

virtual void WINAPI ServiceCtrlHandler(DWORD dwControl);

Parameters

dwControl Specifies the requested control code. This value can be one of the standard control codes in the following table:

Value Meaning
SERVICE_CONTROL_STOP Requests the service to stop.
SERVICE_CONTROL_PAUSE Requests the service to pause.
SERVICE_CONTROL_
CONTINUE
Requests the paused service to resume.
SERVICE_CONTROL_
INTERROGATE
Requests the service to update immediately its current status information to the service control manager.
SERVICE_CONTROL_
SHUTDOWN
Requests the service to perform cleanup tasks, because the system is shutting down.

 

This value can also be a user-defined control code, as described in the following table:

Value Meaning
Range 128 to 255. The service defines the action associated with the control code. The hService handle must have SERVICE_USER_DEFINED_CONTROL access.

.

Remarks

This function is called into by the SCM and internally it delegates to the appropriate virtual function. For example if a  SERVICE_CONTROL_STOP request arrives then this function will call the virtual OnStop function. This function will not normally have to be overridden in your derived class. Please bear in mind that this function will be called in the context on the main thread on your service and not the thread in which your service does it main work (its ServiceMain handler).

 

CNTService::ServiceMain

virtual void WINAPI ServiceMain(DWORD dwArgc, LPTSTR* lpszArgv);

Parameters

dwArgc Specifies the number of arguments in the lpszArgv array.

lpszArgv Pointer to an array of pointers that point to null-terminated argument strings. The first argument in the array is the name of the service, and subsequent arguments are any strings passed to the service by the process that called the CScmService::Start function to start the service.

Remarks

In your derived class you are responsible for writing your own ServiceMain function for your service

When a service control program requests that a new service run, the SCM starts the service and sends a start request to the control dispatcher. The control dispatcher creates a new thread to execute the ServiceMain function for the service.

The ServiceMain function should perform the following tasks:

  1. Call the RegisterServiceCtrlHandler function immediately to register a handler function to handle control requests for the service.
  2. Perform initialisation. If the execution time of the initialisation code is expected to be very short (less than one second), initialisation can be performed directly in ServiceMain.
  3. When initialisation is complete, call SetServiceStatus, specifying the SERVICE_RUNNING state in the SERVICE_STATUS structure.
  4. Perform the service tasks, or, if there are no pending tasks, return. Any change in the state of the service warrants a call to ReportStatusToSCM to report new status information.
  5. If an error occurs while the service is initializing or running, the service should call , specifying the SERVICE_STOP_PENDING state, if cleanup will be lengthy. Once cleanup is complete, call ReportStatusToSCM from the last thread to terminate, specifying SERVICE_STOPPED in the SERVICE_STATUS structure. Be sure to set the dwServiceSpecificExitCode and dwWin32ExitCode members of the SERVICE_STATUS structure to identify the error.

 

CNTService::OnStop

virtual void OnStop();

Remarks

This function will be called whenever a SERVICE_CONTROL_STOP request comes in from the SCM. Your derived class should do whatever is necessary to cause your service to stop.

 

CNTService::OnPause

virtual void OnPause();

Remarks

This function will be called whenever a SERVICE_CONTROL_PAUSE request comes in from the SCM. Your derived class should do whatever is necessary to cause your service to pause.

 

CNTService::OnContinue

virtual void OnContinue();

Remarks

This function will be called whenever a SERVICE_CONTROL_CONTINUE request comes in from the SCM. Your derived class should do whatever is necessary to cause your service to continue.

 

CNTService::OnInterrogate

virtual void OnInterrogate();

Remarks

This function will be called whenever a SERVICE_CONTROL_INTERROGATE request comes in from the SCM. The default implementation just calls ReportStatusToSCM to inform the SCM.

 

CNTService::OnShutdown

virtual void OnShutdown();

Remarks

This function will be called whenever a SERVICE_CONTROL_SHUTDOWN comes in from the SCM.  Your derived class should do whatever is necessary to cause your service to shutdown.

 

CNTService::OnUserDefinedRequest

virtual void OnUserDefinedRequest(DWORD dwControl);

Remarks

This function will be called whenever a user defined request comes in from the SCM.  Your derived class should do whatever is appropriate for its service. In the example service provided, it simply changes the frequency of beeps emitted by the service.

 

CNTService::Run

virtual BOOL Run();

Remarks

Calling this function will cause a service to start running. Internally it will set up an appropriate SERVICE_TABLE_ENTRY array and call StartServiceCtrlDispatcher to kick of the service. You would normally call this in your main, wmain or InitInstance. If you are using the CNTServiceCommandLineInfo class and ParseCommandLine and ProcessShellCommand member functions of CNTService then there is no need to call this function.

 

CNTService::Install

virtual BOOL Install();

Remarks

This will install a service. Internally it will call into the SCM API to set this service up as an On demand service with no dependencies. In future versions of CNTService, virtual functions will be provided to allow more customisation in this area. It will also install the service so that it can report events to the event log as well as letting Event Viewer filter using the friendly name of the service. This function will be called internally by the CNTServiceCommandLineInfo if "-install" is specified on the command line.

 

CNTService::Uninstall

virtual BOOL Uninstall();

Remarks

The is the corollary function of Install and will remove the service from the SCM database and remove it event log registry entries. Please bear in mind that once this is done, event viewer will no longer be able to correctly display any messages the service generated while it was installed. the CNTServiceCommandLineInfo if "-uninstall" or "-remove" is specified on the command line.

 

CNTService::Debug

virtual void Debug();

Remarks

This will run a service without interacting with the SCM, in effect a "debug" mode. This helps when testing your application as it will stop the SCM from timing out your service as it is being debugged. Internally this function will just call the ServiceMain function of your class. Remember that in this case your service code will be running in the same thread as the main thread so it may mask problems which only arise when the code is executed as a real service. This function will be called internally by CNTServiceCommandLineInfo if "-debug" is specified on the command line.

 

CNTService::ShowHelp

virtual void ShowHelp();

Remarks

This function will be called internally by CNTServiceCommandLineInfo if "-help" or "-?" is specified on the command line. It is up to you to either print some message to the console if you are developing a console mode service or display some helpful window if its a GUI app. The sample service simply displays a message using AfxMessageBox as it was developed using the GUI subsystem.

 

 

 

CNTScmService

CNTScmService is a class which encapsulates a service as returned from the Service Control Manager, in effect a SC_HANDLE. An instance of a CNTScmService is usually acquired by a call to CNTServiceControlManager::Open. Once retrieved the class allows you to control the service, change its configuration and query a service's state.

 

Functions this class provides include:

CNTScmService
~CNTScmService
Close
operator SC_HANDLE
Attach
Detach
ChangeConfig
Control
Stop
Pause
Continue
Interrogate
Start
AcceptStop
AcceptPauseContinue
AcceptShutdown
QueryStatus
QueryConfig
Create
Delete
EnumDependents
QueryObjectSecurity
SetObjectSecurity

 

 

CNTScmService::CNTScmService

CNTScmService();

Remarks

This is the default constructor which just initialises all internal variables to a safe state.

See Also ~CNTScmService

 

CNTScmService::~CNTScmService

~CNTScmService();

Remarks

This is the standard destructor for the class. Internally it will call Close to ensure that any handle that is opened by this instance is closed

See Also CNTScmService Close

 

CNTScmService::Close

void Close();

Remarks

This frees the SC_HANDLE by internally calling CloseServiceHandle which this class encapsulates.

 

CNTScmService::operator SC_HANDLE

operator SC_HANDLE() const;

Return Value:

The underlying SDK service handle representing this class.

Remarks

This function exposes the underlying handle which the CNTScmService class wraps. This function is provided for integration with legacy code which uses the handle directly.

 

CNTScmService::Attach

BOOL Attach(SC_HANDLE hService);

Return Value

TRUE if the function was successful, otherwise FALSE. To get extended error information, call GetLastError

Parameters

hService An SDK service handle returned from SDK calls to the SCM APIs

Remarks

Use this member function to attach an existing SDK handle to a CNTScmService.

See Also Detach

 

CNTScmService::Detach

SC_HANDLE Detach();

Return Value

The SDK service handle

Remarks

Call this function to detach m_hService from the CNTScmService object and  set m_hService to NULL.

See Also Attach

 

CNTScmService::ChangeConfig

BOOL ChangeConfig(DWORD dwServiceType, DWORD dwStartType, DWORD dwErrorControl, LPCTSTR lpBinaryPathName, LPCTSTR lpLoadOrderGroup, LPDWORD lpdwTagId, LPCTSTR lpDependencies, LPCTSTR lpServiceStartName, LPCTSTR lpPassword, LPCTSTR lpDisplayName) const;

Remarks

This is a simple wrapper for the SDK call ChangeServiceConfig. See the SDK for full details on this function.

 

CNTScmService::Control

BOOL Control(DWORD dwControl);

Parameters

dwControl Specifies the control code to send to this service. This value can be one of the standard control codes in the following table:

Value Meaning
SERVICE_CONTROL_STOP Requests the service to stop.
SERVICE_CONTROL_PAUSE Requests the service to pause.
SERVICE_CONTROL_
CONTINUE
Requests the paused service to resume.
SERVICE_CONTROL_
INTERROGATE
Requests the service to update immediately its current status information to the service control manager.
SERVICE_CONTROL_
SHUTDOWN
Requests the service to perform cleanup tasks, because the system is shutting down.

 

This value can also be a user-defined control code, as described in the following table:

Value Meaning
Range 128 to 255. The service defines the action associated with the control code. The hService handle must have SERVICE_USER_DEFINED_CONTROL access.

Remarks

This is a simple wrapper for the SDK call ControlService SDK Call.

 

CNTScmService::Stop

BOOL Stop() const;

Remarks

This is a simple wrapper for calling Control with the parameter SERVICE_CONTROL_STOP

 

CNTScmService::Pause

BOOL Pause() const;

Remarks

This is a simple wrapper for calling Control with the parameter SERVICE_CONTROL_PAUSE

 

CNTScmService::Continue

BOOL Continue() const;

Remarks

This is a simple wrapper for calling Control with the parameter SERVICE_CONTROL_CONTINUE

 

CNTScmService::Interrogate

BOOL Interrogate() const;

Remarks

This is a simple wrapper for calling Control with the parameter SERVICE_CONTROL_INTERROGATE

 

CNTScmService::Start

BOOL Start(DWORD dwNumServiceArgs, LPCTSTR* lpServiceArgVectors) const;

Parameters

dwNumServiceArgs Specifies the number of argument strings in the lpServiceArgVectors array. If lpServiceArgVectors is NULL, this parameter can be zero.

lpServiceArgVectors Pointer to an array of pointers that point to null-terminated argument strings passed to a service. Driver services do not receive these arguments. If no arguments are passed to the service being started, this parameter can be NULL.

Return Values

TRUE If the function succeeds otherwise FALSE. To get extended error information, call GetLastError.

Remarks

Starts this service with the specified parameters.

 

CNTScmService::AcceptStop

BOOL AcceptStop(BOOL& bStop);

Parameters

bStop Upon a successful return from this function, bStop will indicate whether this service can be stopped.

Return Values

TRUE If the function succeeds otherwise FALSE. To get extended error information, call GetLastError.

Remarks

Queries this service to determine if this service can currently be stopped.

 

CNTScmService::AcceptPauseContinue

BOOL AcceptPauseContinue(BOOL& bPauseContinue);

Parameters

bPauseContinue Upon a successful return from this function, bPauseContinue will indicate whether this service can be paused and continued.

Return Values

TRUE If the function succeeds otherwise FALSE. To get extended error information, call GetLastError.

Remarks

Queries this service to determine if this service can currently be paused / continued.

 

CNTScmService::AcceptShutdown

BOOL AcceptShutdown(BOOL& bShutdown);

Parameters

bShutdown Upon a successful return from this function, bShutdown will indicate whether this service handles the shutdown request.

Return Values

TRUE If the function succeeds otherwise FALSE. To get extended error information, call GetLastError.

Remarks

Queries this service to determine if this service handles the shutdown request.

 

CNTScmService::QueryStatus

BOOL QueryStatus(LPSERVICE_STATUS lpServiceStatus) const;

Parameters

lpServiceStatus Upon a successful return from this function, lpServiceStatus will contain the current status of this service.

Return Values

TRUE If the function succeeds otherwise FALSE. To get extended error information, call GetLastError.

Remarks

Queries this service for its current status.

 

CNTScmService::QueryConfig

BOOL QueryConfig(LPQUERY_SERVICE_CONFIG& lpServiceConfig) const;

Parameters

lpServiceConfig Upon a successful return from this function, lpServiceConfig will contain the current configuration of this service.

Return Values

TRUE If the function succeeds otherwise FALSE. To get extended error information, call GetLastError.

Remarks

Queries this service for its current configuration. Bear in mind that since the QUERY_SERVICE_CONFIG is a variable sized structure, internally this function will allocate the required memory for lpServiceConfig, It is the responsibility of the client to delete this structure. This can be done as follows:

LPQUERY_SERVICE_CONFIG lpConfig = NULL;
service.QueryConfig(lpConfig);
delete [] (BYTE*) lpConfig;

 

CNTScmService::Create

BOOL Create(CNTServiceControlManager& Manager, LPCTSTR lpServiceName, LPCTSTR lpDisplayName, DWORD dwDesiredAccess, DWORD dwServiceType, DWORD dwStartType, DWORD dwErrorControl, LPCTSTR lpBinaryPathName, LPCTSTR lpLoadOrderGroup, LPDWORD lpdwTagId, LPCTSTR lpDependencies, LPCTSTR lpServiceStartName, LPCTSTR lpPassword);

Remarks

This is a simple wrapper for the SDK call CreateService. See the SDK for full details on this function.

 

CNTScmService::Delete

BOOL Delete() const;

Remarks

This is a simple wrapper for the SDK call DeleteService. See the SDK for full details on this function.

 

CNTScmService::EnumDependents

BOOL EnumDependents(DWORD dwServiceState, DWORD dwUserData, ENUM_SERVICES_PROC lpEnumServicesFunc) const;

Parameters

dwServiceState Specifies the services to enumerate based on their running state. It must be one or both of the following values:

Value Meaning
SERVICE_ACTIVE Enumerates services that are in the following states: SERVICE_START_PENDING, SERVICE_STOP_PENDING, SERVICE_RUNNING, SERVICE_CONTINUE_PENDING, SERVICE_PAUSE_PENDING, and SERVICE_PAUSED.
SERVICE_INACTIVE Enumerates services that are in the SERVICE_STOPPED state.
SERVICE_STATE_ALL Combines the following states: SERVICE_ACTIVE and SERVICE_INACTIVE.

dwUserData Any user defined DWORD which you want to send to the callback function.

lpEnumServicesFunc pointer to a callback function to use to enumerate the dependent services

Remarks

This function allows you to enumerate the services upon which this service is dependent. Internally this calls EnumDependentServices and calls the callback function for each service. The format of the callback function is:

BOOL CALLBACK ENUM_SERVICES_PROC(DWORD dwData, ENUM_SERVICE_STATUS& ServiceStatus);

dwData This is the value as send into the Enumeration function

ServiceStatus Contains the information related to the enumerated service. See the SDK documentation for further details.

Return TRUE from the function to continue enumeration and FALSE to stop enumeration

 

CNTScmService::QueryObjectSecurity

BOOL QueryObjectSecurity(SECURITY_INFORMATION dwSecurityInformation, PSECURITY_DESCRIPTOR& lpSecurityDescriptor) const;

Remarks

This is a simple wrapper for the SDK call QueryServiceObjectSecurity. See the SDK for full details on this function.

 

CNTScmService::SetObjectSecurity

BOOL SetObjectSecurity(SECURITY_INFORMATION dwSecurityInformation, PSECURITY_DESCRIPTOR& lpSecurityDescriptor) const;

Remarks

This is a simple wrapper for the SDK call SetServiceObjectSecurity. See the SDK for full details on this function. Bear in mind that since the PSECURITY_DESCRIPTOR is a variable sized structure, internally this function will allocate the required memory for lpSecurityDescriptor, It is the responsibility of the client to delete this structure. This can be done as follows:

PSECURITY_DESCRIPTOR lpDescriptor = NULL;
service.QueryObjectSecurity(whatever, lpDescriptor);
delete [] (BYTE*) lpDescriptor;

 

 

 

CNTServiceControlManager

CNTServiceControlManager is a class which encapsulates a connection to a Service Control Manager (SCM) on some machine. Functionality provided includes enumeration, database locking and service access.

 

Functions this class provides include:

CNTServiceControlManager
~CNTServiceControlManager
operator HANDLE
Attach
Detach
Open
Close
QueryLockStatus
EnumServices
OpenService
Lock
Unlock

 

 

CNTServiceControlManager::CNTServiceControlManager

CNTServiceControlManager();

Remarks

This is the default constructor which just initialises all internal variables to a safe state.

See Also ~CNTServiceControlManager

 

CNTServiceControlManager::~CNTServiceControlManager

~CNTServiceControlManager();

Remarks

This is the standard destructor for the class. Internally it will call Close to ensure that any handle that is opened by this instance is closed

See Also CNTServiceControlManager Close

 

CNTServiceControlManager::operator HANDLE

operator SC_HANDLE() const;

Return Value:

The underlying SDK service handle representing this class.

Remarks

This function exposes the underlying handle which the CNTServiceControlManager class wraps. This function is provided for integration with legacy code which uses the handle directly.

 

CNTServiceControlManager::Attach

BOOL Attach(SC_HANDLE hSCM);

Return Value

TRUE if the function was successful, otherwise FALSE. To get extended error information, call GetLastError

Parameters

hSCM An SDK service control manager handle returned from SDK calls to the SCM APIs

Remarks

Use this member function to attach an existing SDK handle to a CNTServiceControlManager.

See Also Detach

 

CNTServiceControlManager::Detach

SC_HANDLE Detach();

Return Value

The SDK service control manager handle

Remarks

Call this function to detach m_hSCM from the CNTServiceControlManager object and  set m_hSCM to NULL.

See Also Attach

 

CNTServiceControlManager::Open

BOOL Open(LPCTSTR pszMachineName, DWORD dwDesiredAccess);

Remarks

This is a simple wrapper for the SDK call OpenSCManager. See the SDK for full details on this function.

 

CNTServiceControlManager::Close

void Close();

Remarks

This frees the SC_HANDLE by internally calling CloseServiceHandle which this class encapsulates.

 

CNTServiceControlManager::QueryLockStatus

BOOL QueryLockStatus(LPQUERY_SERVICE_LOCK_STATUS& lpLockStatus) const;

Remarks

This is a simple wrapper for the SDK call QueryServiceLockStatus. See the SDK for full details on this function. Bear in mind that since the LPQUERY_SERVICE_LOCK_STATUS is a variable sized structure, internally this function will allocate the required memory for lpLockStatus, It is the responsibility of the client to delete this structure. This can be done as follows:

LPQUERY_SERVICE_LOCK_STATUS lpLockStatus = NULL;
scm.QueryLockStatus(lpLockStatus);
delete [] (BYTE*) lpLockStatus;

 

CNTServiceControlManager::EnumServices

BOOL EnumServices(DWORD dwServiceType, DWORD dwServiceState, DWORD dwUserData, ENUM_SERVICES_PROC lpEnumServicesFunc) const;

Parameters

dwServiceType Specifies the type of services to enumerate. It must be one or both of the following values:

Value Meaning
SERVICE_WIN32 Enumerates services of type SERVICE_WIN32_OWN_PROCESS and SERVICE_WIN32_SHARE_PROCESS.
SERVICE_DRIVER Enumerates services of type SERVICE_KERNEL_DRIVER and SERVICE_FILE_SYSTEM_DRIVER.

dwServiceState Specifies the services to enumerate based on their running state. It must be one or both of the following values:

Value Meaning
SERVICE_ACTIVE Enumerates services that are in the following states: SERVICE_START_PENDING, SERVICE_STOP_PENDING, SERVICE_RUNNING, SERVICE_CONTINUE_PENDING, SERVICE_PAUSE_PENDING, and SERVICE_PAUSED.
SERVICE_INACTIVE Enumerates services that are in the SERVICE_STOPPED state.
SERVICE_STATE_ALL Combines the following states: SERVICE_ACTIVE and SERVICE_INACTIVE.

dwUserData Any user defined DWORD which you want to send to the callback function.

lpEnumServicesFunc pointer to a callback function to use to enumerate the dependent services

Remarks

This function allows you to enumerate the services which in the SCM. Internally this calls EnumServicesStatus and calls the callback function for each service. The format of the callback function is:

typedef BOOL CALLBACK ENUM_SERVICES_PROC(DWORD dwData, ENUM_SERVICE_STATUS& ServiceStatus);

dwData This is the value as send into the Enumeration function

ServiceStatus Contains the information related to the enumerated service. See the SDK documentation for further details.

Return TRUE from the function to continue enumeration and FALSE to stop enumeration

 

CNTServiceControlManager::OpenService

BOOL OpenService(LPCTSTR lpServiceName, DWORD dwDesiredAccess, CNTScmService& service) const;

Remarks

This is a simple wrapper for the SDK call of the same name. See the SDK for full details on this function.

 

CNTServiceControlManager::Lock

BOOL Lock();

Remarks

This is a simple wrapper for the SDK call LockServiceDatabase. See the SDK for full details on this function.

 

CNTServiceControlManager::Unlock

BOOL Unlock();

Remarks

This is a simple wrapper for the SDK call UnlockServiceDatabase. See the SDK for full details on this function.

 

 

 

CEventLogRecord

CEventLogRecord is a C++ wrapper class for the EVENTLOGRECORD structure as provided in the SDK. For anyone who has had to use this class using raw SDK calls, you will appreciate the easier access which the class provides.

 

Functions and members this class provides include:

CEventLogRecord
operator=
m_dwRecordNumber
m_TimeGenerated
m_TimeWritten
m_dwEventID
m_wEventTypes
m_wEventCategory
m_UserSID
m_Strings
m_Data
m_sSourceName
m_sComputerName

 

 

CEventLogRecord::CEventLogRecord

CEventLogRecord();

CEventLogRecord(const CEventLogRecord& record);

CEventLogRecord(const EVENTLOGRECORD* pRecord);

Parameters

record An existing CEventLogRecord

pRecord An existing SDK EVENTLOGRECORD structure

 

CEventLogRecord::operator=

CEventLogRecord& operator=(const CEventLogRecord& record);

Remarks

The standard copy constructor

 

CEventLogRecord::m_dwRecordNumber

DWORD m_dwRecordNumber;

Remarks

Contains the record number for this event log entry

 

CEventLogRecord::m_TimeGenerated

CTime m_TimeGenerated;

Remarks

The CTime representation of when this entry was submitted.

 

CEventLogRecord::m_TimeWritten

CTime m_TimeWritten;

Remarks

The CTime representation of when this entry was written to the event log.

 

CEventLogRecord::m_dwEventID

DWORD m_dwEventID;

Remarks

Specifies the event. This is specific to the source that generated the event log entry, and is used, together with SourceName, to identify a message in a message file that is presented to the user while viewing the log.

 

CEventLogRecord::m_wEventTypes

WORD m_wEventType;

Remarks

Specifies the type of event. This member can be one of the following values:

Value Meaning
EVENTLOG_ERROR_TYPE Error event
EVENTLOG_WARNING_TYPE Warning event
EVENTLOG_INFORMATION_TYPE Information event
EVENTLOG_AUDIT_SUCCESS Success Audit event
EVENTLOG_AUDIT_FAILURE Failure Audit event

 

CEventLogRecord::m_wEventCategory

WORD m_wEventCategory;

Remarks

Specifies a subcategory for this event. This subcategory is source specific.

 

CEventLogRecord::m_UserSID

CByteArray m_UserSID;

Remarks

A CByteArray representation of the security identifier of the active user at the time this event was logged.

 

CEventLogRecord::m_Strings

CStringArray m_Strings;

Remarks

A CStringArray representation of the strings which are merged into the message before it is displayed to the user.

 

CEventLogRecord::m_Data

CByteArray m_Data;

Remarks

A CByteArray representation of the event-specific information within this event record.

 

CEventLogRecord::m_sSourceName

CString m_sSourceName;

Remarks

Contains the string specifying the name of the source (application, service, driver, subsystem) that generated the entry.

 

CEventLogRecord::m_sComputerName

CString m_sComputerName;

Remarks

Contains the string specifying the name of the computer that generated this event.

 

 

 

CNTEventLog

CNTEventLog is a C++ wrapper class for accessing the NT Event Logs. You can consider this as the client side to the Event Log APIs.

 

Functions this class provides include:

CNTEventLog
~CNTEventLog
operator HANDLE
Attach
Detach
Open
OpenBackup
OpenApplication
OpenSystem
OpenSecurity
Close
Backup
Clear
GetNumberOfRecords
GetOldestRecord
NotifyChange
ReadNext
ReadPrev

 

 

CNTEventLog::CNTEventLog

CNTEventLog();

Remarks

This is the default constructor which just initialises all internal variables to a safe state.

See Also ~CNTEventLog

 

CNTEventLog::~CEventLog

~CNTEventLog();

Remarks

This is the standard destructor for the class. Internally it will call Close to ensure that any handle that is opened by this instance is closed

See Also CNTEventLog Close

 

CNTEventLog::operator HANDLE

operator HANDLE() const;

Return Value:

The underlying SDK event log handle representing this class.

Remarks

This function exposes the underlying handle which CNTEventLog class wraps. This function is provided for integration with legacy code which uses the handle directly.

 

CNTEventLog::Attach

BOOL Attach(HANDLE hEventLog);

Return Value

TRUE if the function was successful, otherwise FALSE. To get extended error information, call GetLastError

Parameters

hEventLog An SDK event log handle returned from SDK calls to the Event log APIs

Remarks

Use this member function to attach an existing SDK handle to a CNTEventLog.

See Also Detach

 

CNTEventLog::Detach

HANDLE Detach();

Return Value

The SDK event log handle

Remarks

Call this function to detach m_hEventLog from the CNTEventLog object and  set m_hEventLog to NULL.

See Also Attach

 

CNTEventLog::Open

BOOL Open(LPCTSTR lpUNCServerName, LPCTSTR lpSourceName);

Remarks

This is a simple wrapper for the SDK call OpenEventLog. See the SDK for full details on this function.

 

CNTEventLog::OpenBackup

BOOL OpenBackup(LPCTSTR lpUNCServerName, LPCTSTR lpFileName);

Remarks

This is a simple wrapper for the SDK call OpenBackupEventLog. See the SDK for full details on this function.

 

CNTEventLog::OpenApplication

BOOL OpenApplication(LPCTSTR lpUNCServerName);

Remarks

This is a sample wrapper for opening the "Application" event log on the specified computer, Internally it just calls Open with the appropriate string "Application".

 

CNTEventLog::OpenSystem

BOOL OpenSystem(LPCTSTR lpUNCServerName);

Remarks

This is a sample wrapper for opening the "system" event log on the specified computer, Internally it just calls Open with the appropriate string "System".

 

CNTEventLog::OpenSecurity

BOOL OpenSecurity(LPCTSTR lpUNCServerName);

Remarks

This is a sample wrapper for opening the "Security" event log on the specified computer, Internally it just calls Open with the appropriate string "Security".

 

CNTEventLog::Close

BOOL Close();

Remarks

This frees the HANDLE by internally calling CloseEventLog which this class encapsulates.

 

CNTEventLog::Backup

BOOL Backup(LPCTSTR lpBackupFileName) const;

Remarks

This is a simple wrapper for the SDK call BackupeventLog. See the SDK for full details on this function.

 

CNTEventLog::Clear

BOOL Clear(LPCTSTR lpBackupFileName) const;

Remarks

This is a simple wrapper for the SDK call ClearEventLog. See the SDK for full details on this function.

 

CNTEventLog::GetNumberOfRecords

BOOL GetNumberOfRecords(DWORD& dwNumberOfRecords) const;

Return Value

TRUE if the function was successful, otherwise FALSE. To get extended error information, call GetLastError

Parameters

dwNumberOfRecords Upon successful return this will contain the number of records in the event log.

Remarks

This is a simple wrapper for the SDK call GetNumberOfEventLogRecords. See the SDK for full details on this function.

 

CNTEventLog::GetOldestRecord

BOOL GetOldestRecord(DWORD& dwOldestRecord) const;

Return Value

TRUE if the function was successful, otherwise FALSE. To get extended error information, call GetLastError

Parameters

dwOldestRecord Upon successful return this will contain the record number of the oldest record in the event log.

Remarks

This is a simple wrapper for the SDK call GetOldestEventLogRecord. See the SDK for full details on this function.

 

CNTEventLog::NotifyChange

BOOL NotifyChange(HANDLE hEvent) const;

Remarks

This is a simple wrapper for the SDK call NotifyChangeEventLog. See the SDK for full details on this function.

 

CNTEventLog::ReadNext

BOOL ReadNext(CEventLogRecord& record) const;

Return Value

TRUE if the function was successful, otherwise FALSE. To get extended error information, call GetLastError

Parameters

record Upon successful return this will contain the next record in the event log

Remarks

Reads the next record in forward chronological order from the event log. When this function returns successfully, the read position is incremented by one ready for the next read to occur.

 

CNTEventLog::ReadPrev

BOOL ReadPrev(CEventLogRecord& record) const;

Return Value

TRUE if the function was successful, otherwise FALSE. To get extended error information, call GetLastError

Parameters

record Upon successful return this will contain the previous record in the event log

Remarks

Reads the next record in reverse chronological order from the event log. When this function returns successfully, the read position is decremented by one ready for the next read to occur.

 

 

 

PLANNED ENHANCEMENTS

 

 

 

References

 

 

 

CONTACTING THE AUTHOR

PJ Naughter
Email: pjn@indigo.ie
Web: http://indigo.ie/~pjn
24 January 2000